Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: Amethodology proposal

Payment schemes for environmental services face serious budget constraints in Mexico. Payments are equally distributed among forest owners, and the governmental agencies that make payments to beneficiaries do not evaluate the amount of environmental services produced by forested areas. This lack of evaluation could lead to economic and environmental deficiencies that restrict the possible benefits of such programmes. In general, these programmes do not achieve their conservation objectives, and local beneficiaries are not involved in the design or application of these programmes. Similarly, the Payments for Hydrological Environmental Services (PHES) programme of the State of Mexico, Mexico, makes equal payments to beneficiaries of forested areas considering tree density. The objective of the present work was to create a methodology for determining differentiated payments schemes for hydrological environmental services, prioritising areas that contribute the most to groundwater recharge and promote the participation of society. In the Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area, the environmental criteria of forest type, tree density and aquifer overexploitation as well as social participation were considered in a multi-criteria analysis implemented in a Geographic Information System. A methodology was developed to determine differentiated payments based on specific forest characteristics that influence the potential capacity of forests to recharge groundwater reserves in addition to the level of social participation. In particular, social participation is key as it could ensure the viability of PHES programmes as conservation alternatives in forested areas with high groundwater recharge potential.     

利用背景噪声校正海底地震仪钟差

地震记录中时间的精确性对于现代处理技术至关重要。然而,对于由无法直接通信的仪器组成的台阵来说,仪器之间的时钟同步是很困难的。通过全球定位系统(GPS)进行时间同步是陆上的一个选择,但不能用于水下测量,因为电磁信号在水中不能有效传播。如果时钟漂移是线性的,那么可以通过部署前后的全球定位系统同步来估计海底地震仪的时间校正。但对于很多应用来说,这还不够,因为在长时间的实验中,这种漂移的非线性部分可以达到数十到数百毫秒。我们提出两种技术方法来提取同步记录的海底仪器在部署完成之后的时间记录差异。这两种技术都是基于对地震背景噪声的互相关分析,即使时钟漂移是非线性的,也都是有效的。第一种称为时间对称性分析(TSA),易于应用但需要合适的解释,以使噪声互相关函数在时间上是对称的;第二种基于重复地震分析方法,没有这种限制。本文分别讨论了两种方法的优缺点。通过在两组海底地震仪数据集的实际应用,表明两种方法都可以将仪器时钟同步误差控制到约5ms以下(主周期的百分之几)。     

1999年海城-岫岩地震序列的精准定位

1999年11月29日,北京时间12点10分39秒(04:10:39 UTC)在我国辽宁海城-岫岩地区发生了一次Ms5.4地震.这次地震是继1975年2月4日海城Ms7.3地震之后该地区发生的震级最大的一次地震.区域性的辽宁数字地震台网记录了这一序列的前震、主震与 余震.本文运用该台网的记录资料,用双差法对海城-岫岩地...     

区域断裂对韩国东南部地区现今应力状态的影响

利用朝鲜半岛东南部地区浅层地应力数据,给出区域现今应力状态的分布特征及其与断层分布的关系.地应力数据表明,区域最大主压应力呈ENE-WSW到NE-SW向,这与地震震源机制解及欧亚板块东部构造应力方向的一阶模式一致.或许是受到断层的影响,现今应力张量在大小和方向上表现出不均匀性.区域水平主应力变化较为一致,而垂向则变化较...     

2009年萨摩亚—汤加特大地震触发的两次大震

特大地震(≥8.0级的地震)一般都含有构造板块之间边界岩体的突然滑动。这种板间的破裂通常出现在俯冲带特大逆冲事件的海沟斜坡区,会产生动态及静态应力变化,从而激活周边的板内余震(Christensen and Ruff,1988;Dmowskaetal,1988;Layetal,1989;Ammonetal,2008)。本文研究的地震序列展示一少见的例子———特大海沟斜坡的一次板内地震触发了广泛的板间断层活动,颠倒了典型的活动模式,从而广泛地扩大了地震和海啸灾害。2009年9月29日,在汤加俯冲带北端的外海沟斜坡发生矩震级8.1的正断层地震事件,该震开始破裂后的2分钟内,发生了总地震矩等于矩震级8.0级的第二个特大地震,它由两次(矩震级均为7.8级)板间下插逆冲大地震组成,导致了周边俯冲带巨型逆断层的破裂。联合的断层作用引发了海啸,局部地区抬升约12m,导致萨摩亚、美属萨摩亚和汤加192人死亡。地震信号的重叠掩盖了这样的事实:相隔约50km的性质不同的断层发生了不同几何形状的破裂,这些被触发的逆冲断层滑动只有通过详细的地震波分析才能揭示出来。在汤加北部俯冲带的大部分区域内,激活了广泛的板间和板内余震活动。     

大地电磁测深数据处理——4元素和6元素阻抗张量元素的比较研究(英文)

阻抗张量元素的计算是在大地电磁测深数据处理的重要一步。按照常规,阻抗张量被定义为以Zxx,Zxy,Zyx,和Zyy为元素的2×2矩阵。在本次研究中,6个元素的阻抗张量的计算使用了一个含有Zxx,Zxy,Zyx,Zyy,Zxz和Zyz分量的2x3矩阵。对上述两类阻抗张量元素的属性进行了分析。利用由印度古吉拉特邦卡奇沉积盆地采集的5个分量大地电磁数据测试了文中的方法。从视电阻率和相位的计算中我们是观察到在大部分的频带范围内4个元素阻抗和6个元素阻抗Zxy和Zyx两类元素区别不大。然而,较长周期时间的数据,如超过100秒,观察到视电阻率的增加和相位的减少。我们还注意到,倾子幅度在大部分时间几乎是零,但较长周期(超过100秒),逐渐呈增加的趋势。卡奇沉积盆地的地电断面表明在较长的周期内浅层近水平层和深层异常高电导性的不均质层都可能是引起大的Hz分量的原因。这表明,磁场垂直分量Hz对在大的2D/3D结构区域内的电场参数估计发挥的重要作用。     

Origin of Listwanite in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet, Implications for Chromite Stability in Hydrothermal Systems

Listwanite from the Luobusa ophiolite,Tibet,forms a narrow,discontinuous band along the eastern part of the southern boundary fault. We undertook a detailed petrographic and geochemical study to understand the mineral transformation processes and the behaviour of major and trace elements during listwanite formation. Three alteration zones characterized by distinct mineral components and texture are recognized and,in order of increasing degree of alteration,these are: zoneIII is rich in serpentine minerals; zoneII is rich in talc and carbonates; and zoneI is mainly composed of carbonates and quartz. Geochemical data for the three alteration zones show significant modification of some major and trace elements in the protolith,although some oxides show linear correlations with Mg O. Gold mineralization is recognized in the Luobusa listwanite and may signify an important target for future mineral exploration. Gold enrichment occurs in both zoneI and zoneIIand is up to 0.91 g/t in one sample from zoneI. We show that CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids can modify both the occurrence and composition of chromite grains,indicating some degree of chromite mobility. Low-Cr anhedral grains are more easily altered than high-Cr varieties. The compositions of chromite and olivine grains in the listwanite suggest a dunite protolith.     

Composition and Textual Characterization of Platinum-group Mineral (PGM) in Chromites from Zedang Ophiolite in Tibet, China

<正>1 Introduction Platinum-group elements(PGE)are mainly concentrated in some specific minerals known as PGMs,which commonly occur in podiform chromites of ophiolites.In-situ PGM assemblages in chromites can provide valuable information on the physico-chemical nature of the parental melt(s)from which chromitite     

Diamond Discovered in Dangqiong Ophiolite, Western Yarlung-Zangbu Suture Zone, Tibet

<正>The first diamonds from ophiolite were found in peridotite of Luobusa ophiolite along Yarlung Zangbu suture zone in Tibet,China(IGCAGS,1981),and then more and more diamonds found in harzgurgite(Bai et al.,1993;Yang et al.,2007a;Robinson et al.,2014;Xu et al.,     

Diopside and Magnetite Exsolutions in Olivine from Lower Cr# Dunite in the Dongbo Ophiolite, Southern Tibet

<正>Diopside and magnetite exsolutions occur as oriented intergrowths within olivine of the lower Cr~#dunite in the Dongbo ophiolite,Tibet.The fresh lower Cr~#dunite has a mineral assemblage of olivine,spinel and diopside.The Fo content of its olivine is 90–92,which is lower than that of the higher Cr~#dunite lenses(Fo92-Fo94)without